The most important genes deciding the fate of a transplanted cell, tissue, or organ belong to what is termed the MHC (the major histocompatibility complex). In der Schweiz regelt das Bundesgesetz vom 8. Die wesentliche Bestimmung ist die sogenannte „Widerspruchslösung“, nach der die Entnahme nur dann unzulässig ist, wenn eine Erklärung vorliegt, mit der eine Organspende ausdrücklich abgelehnt wird. In practice, with the exception of blood and bone marrow, the great majority of transplanted organs are cadaveric in origin, a necessity that presents difficult logistic problems.Autografts are used for an increasing number of purposes. Org a ntransplantati o n w, Organverpflanzung, Übertragung eines Organs von einem Organismus auf einen anderen, meist zu therapeutischen Zwecken. An individual's response against an allograft is directed against a large number of cell-surface transplantation antigens controlled by allelic genes at many different loci. Endzustand der koronaren Herzkrankheit, Formen der Herzmuskelerkrankung (Kardiomyopathie): Herztransplantation | Botanik | Genetik Genome zentraler landwirtschaftlicher Unkräuter identifiziert | Mykologie | Immunologie Ostasiatischer Pflanzenschädling erstmals in Deutschland entdeckt | Zytologie | Physiologie Aufbau der Barriere zwischen drei Zellen entschlüsselt | Mykologie | Immunologie | Mikrobiologie | Ökologie Wie Umwelt und Mikrobiom gemeinsam die Körpergestalt prägen | Botanik | Evolution | Zoologie | Ökologie Schutzmaßnahmen für Primaten: Kaum Prüfungen auf Wirksamkeit | Anthropologie | Ethologie Teufelszwirn nutzt das Blühsignal seiner Wirtspflanze für die BlütenbildungEine Transplantation wird nach Herkunft, Ort und Funktion des Transplantats eingeordnet: Entnahme von Organen und Geweben bei toten Spendern (Abschnitt 2, § 3ff.) Skin autografts are important in the treatment of full-thickness skin loss due to extensive burns or other injuries.

DieTransplantate können dabei sowohl von anderen Personen als auch vom Patienten selbst stammen. HLA matching is not as clearly beneficial in the case of most other solid organ grafts, and no attempt is made to HLA-match heart, lung, liver, and pancreas grafts.

These are known as graft-versus-host reactions, and they can be fatal. If donor and recipient are any other same-species individuals, the graft is allogeneic.

Lancet. Under cover of nonspecific immunosuppression, the recipient's immune system appears to undergo an adaptation to the presence of the graft, allowing the dosage of the drugs to be reduced.

Das Hauptproblem jeder Transplantation sind Immunreaktionen des Empfängerorganismus gegen das Transplantat. The host response, known as allograft rejection, involves a large number of immunological agents, including cytotoxic antibodies and effector lymphocytes of various types. In addition to the possibility of rejection of the graft by the recipient, by virtue of immunologically competent cells still present in the recipient, bone marrow grafts can react against the transplantation antigens of their hosts. As a consequence, after a transient initial period of apparent well-being, graft function progressively deteriorates and the donor tissue is eventually destroyed. There are a few special exemptions from rejection that apply to certain sites in the body or to certain types of graft. Reduced acute rejection and superior 1-year renal allograft survival with basiliximab in patients with diabetes mellitus. 1997 Oct 25;350(9086):1193-8.

Die Bei der Übertragung von Spendergewebe, das Immunzellen enthält – vor allem Die Abstoßungsreaktionen werden nach ihrem zeitlichen Verlauf und nach dem Ausmaß unterschieden: Als Organtransplantation wird die Entnahme von Organen und Geweben aus ihrem ursprünglichen Ort und die Verpflanzung an eine andere Stelle am eigenen Körper oder in den Körper eines anderen Menschen bezeichnet.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is sometimes used to restore blood cells to cancer patients who receive forms of chemotherapy that are lethal to their bone marrow.The most serious problem restricting the use of allografts is immunological.


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