If such a scenario is correct, it probably represents an approximate description of a deeper reality. A RUDN University physicist has developed a formula for calculating Hawking radiation on the event horizon of a black hole, which allows physicists to … Interestingly, I have also found that there is a subtler, intrinsically quantum way for information to escape the black hole. Increasingly it seems that the black hole crisis will similarly lead to another paradigm shift in physics.When Hawking first predicted black hole evaporation, he suggested that quantum mechanics must be wrong and that information destruction is allowed. The paradox arises because this superluminal signaling then allows you to send a message into your past, for example, asking someone to kill your grandmother before your mother is born.Even though this kind of answer appears to contradict fundamental physical principles, it is worth a closer look. For example, in the strong nonviolent scenario, the rippling of a black hole’s quantum halo can distort light passing near the black hole. That problem played a key role in the quantum revolution.

Black holes are strange regions where gravity is strong enough to bend light, warp space and distort time. The EHT observations and the gravitational-wave measurements are just the latest and most robust evidence that black holes, despite sounding fantastical, do indeed appear to be real—and remarkably common. Although modifying locality seems crazy, we might find solace by noting that the laws of quantum mechanics also seemed very crazy to the classical physicists grappling with their discovery.Given the immense challenge in sorting out the story of quantum black holes and the more complete theory describing them, physicists are eager for experimental and observational evidence to help guide us. In either picture, a black hole effectively has a “quantum halo” surrounding it, where interactions pass information back to its surroundings.Notably, these scenarios, despite appearing to require superluminal travel of information, do not necessarily produce a grandmother paradox. New York, For the case of the black hole in M87, the distance at which we expect to find deviations from classical predictions is several times the size of our solar system.Already LIGO and the EHT have ruled out wilder possibilities that could be considered in an attempt to give a logically consistent description of black holes. In this “strong, nonviolent” scenario, such shimmering of spacetime can transfer the information out. But in 1913 Niels Bohr proposed that electrons actually travel only within quantized orbits and cannot spiral in. Put differently, quantum mechanics implies information is never destroyed, so information that falls into a black hole If information does escape black holes, it might not require a change as obvious and abrupt as the formation of a massive remnant, whether fuzzball, firewall or another variant. In addition to the EHT’s images of black holes, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and its companion facilities have begun to detect gravitational waves from collisions between apparent black holes. Furthermore, a strong complementary theoretical effort is needed to refine scenarios, to better clarify their origins and explanations, and to assess more thoroughly the question of how significantly they can affect EHT or gravitational-wave signals.Whatever the resolution to the crisis, black holes contain crucial clues to the basic quantum physics of gravity, as well as to the very nature of space and time.

We need a little refinement here to fully explain. This warping of spacetime causes the trajectories of massive bodies and light to bend, and we call that gravity. By investigating this question, physicists have discovered that the mere existence of black holes is inconsistent with the quantum-mechanical laws that so far describe everything else in our universe. "There was one surprise, though. We appear to have crossed the Rubicon. In fact, conventional large black holes can form from A related idea is that something could cause black holes to change into massive remnants containing the original information after they form but long before they evaporate. The outside particle can escape, carrying away energy. Whereas most near-horizon scenarios are hard to rule out through observation, however, it is difficult to explain how such structures could be stable, instead of collapsing under their own weight to form black holes. The fact that the information transfer is still large enough to save quantum mechanics is related to the huge amount of possible information a black hole can contain. [Receive mail from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors? Those early atomic descriptions were also approximate and only later led to the profound theoretical structure of quantum mechanics. In this “weak, nonviolent” scenario, even tiny quantum fluctuations of the spacetime geometry near the black hole can transfer information to particles emanating from the hole. Yet preliminary investigation shows that this scenario can alter how gravitational waves are absorbed or reflected, possibly yielding an observable modification to gravitational-wave signals.If either scenario is correct, we will learn more not only about what quantum black holes are but also about the deeper laws of nature. But the one thing that is sacred and never destroyed is quantum information. Thanks to the complicated physics of string theory and its allowance for more than the traditional four dimensions of spacetime, fuzzballs might have a complex higher-dimensional geometry; instead of the sharp traditional boundary of a black hole at the event horizon, a fuzzball would have a fuzzier and larger boundary where one encounters strings and higher-dimensional geometry.Alternatively a more recent version of a remnant scenario is the proposal that instead of a black hole with an event horizon, a massive remnant forms with a surface “firewall” of high-energy particles where the horizon would be. Perhaps some unknown laws of physics also prevent larger stars from forming black holes and instead lead them to become a kind of “massive remnant”—something more like a neutron star than a black hole.The problem with this suggestion is that we cannot explain what would stabilize such objects—no known physics should prevent their continued collapse under gravity, and any imagined physics that did would apparently require superluminal signaling from one side of the collapsing matter to the other.

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