If Scotland has made a great contribution to the theory and practice of education, it is because of the tradition of Scottish homes.

"In other words, you can look at full employment as if it were a theory, or you can look at it as the desired end of a great co-operative effort throughout the country — an effort in which action is productively directed and people are productively employed. Now, have we realised and recognised these things, or is most of our policy designed to discourage or penalise thrift, to encourage dependence on the State, to bring about a dull equality on a fantastic idea that all men are equal in mind and needs and deserts: to level down by taking the mountains out of the landscape, to weigh men according to their political organisations and power - as votes and not as human beings? "Without them and without our works programme, private industry could not grow. We cannot go wrong right up to the peace treaty and expect suddenly thereafter to go right. "An increased population is vital to Australia. Where do we find these great elements most commonly? Much wealth will have been destroyed; inherited riches will be suspect; a fellowship of suffering, if we really experience it, will have opened many hearts and perhaps closed many mouths. The Scottish farmer ponders upon the future of his son, and sees it most assured not by the inheritance of money but by the acquisition of that knowledge which will give him power; and so the sons of many Scottish farmers find their way to Edinburgh and a university degree. His theme was the importance of doing justice to the workers. It could not see them housed and provided with transport, schools and all the amenities of a civilised society. In the 1940s, its average growth rate was 3.8 per cent. What do I mean by "homes material"? His belief, apparently, was that the workers are those who work with their hands. There will be more law, not less; more control, not less. I exclude at one end of the scale the rich and powerful: those who control great funds and enterprises, and are as a rule able to protect themselves - though it must be said that in a political sense they have as a rule shown neither comprehension nor competence. The great question is, "How can I my son to help society?" My home is where my wife and children are. That does not mean we are to return to the old and selfish notions of laissez-faire. In that period I cannot readily recall many occasions upon which any policy was pursued which was designed to help the thrifty, to encourage independence, to recognise the divine and valuable variations of men's minds. "We look at the works programmes of the states and we think they are very good programmes. How many hundreds of thousands of us are slaves to greed, to fear, to newspapers, to public opinion - represented by the accumulated views of our neighbours! "You wouldn't blink if you heard a modern Greens or Labor politician speak that way, but a Liberal leader?Younger Australians, those born from the 1980s onwards who came to political consciousness in the Howard years and after, may be surprised to hear that our federal politicians used to boast about the size of their budget deficits during periods of economic growth.The constant political messaging in recent decades about "debt and deficits" and the need to "live within our means" (from both the Coalition and Labor Party) has primed voters to think about government spending in extremely narrow terms. He sought to divide the people of Australia into classes.

Your advanced socialist may rave against private property even while he acquires it; but one of the best instincts in us is that which induces us to have one little piece of earth with a house and a garden which is ours; to which we can withdraw, in which we can be among our friends, into which no stranger may come against our will. These are, in the political and economic sense, the middle class. Leaners grow flabby; lifters grow muscles. Take his name, for example. "It is the desired end of national and industrial actions operating together to create a state of affairs in which people are employed because they are needed for work. Quite recently, a bishop wrote a letter to a great daily newspaper. Then we have homes human. It is to be found in the homes of people who are nameless and unadvertised, and who, whatever their individual religious conviction or dogma, see in their children their greatest contribution to the immortality of their race. On occasions of emergency, as in the depression and during the present war, we have hastened to make it clear that the provision made by man for his own retirement and old age is not half as sacrosanct as the provision the State would have made for him if he had never saved at all. Among the defensive and comfortable rich, among the unthinking and unskilled mass, or among what I have called the "middle class"? 13:02.

These exclusions being made, I include the intervening range - the kind of people I myself represent in Parliament - salary-earners, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, professional men and women, farmers and so on.

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