In 2010, NASA launched the Solar Dynamics Observatory into an orbit around Earth.

When it comes to investigating the Sun’s magnetic field by collecting the particles that are being guided by it, only by going close can we ‘see’ the details of what’s really going on.“At the distance of Earth, the Sun’s magnetic field is not made up of smooth lines like we are used to seeing around a magnet in the textbooks of secondary schools,” says Javier Rodríguez-Pacheco, of University of Alcalá, Spain, and Principal Investigator for the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) instrument.

The exact charge carried by these ions is related to the number of electrons removed from the atoms, which is determined by the temperature and density of their source region in the corona. Eventually, it is expected to pass by at a searing 7 million kilometres - six times closer than Solar Orbiter. The spacecraft is 4.5 meters high and over 2 meters on each side, weighing a total of 3100 kg (fuel included). AIA 094, 335, 193. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium led by Matra Marconi Space (now Airbus Defence and Space) that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas II AS launch vehicle on December 2, 1995, to study the Sun. The spacecraft is 4.5 meters high and over 2 meters on each side, weighing a total of 3100 kg (fuel included).
Another instrument on Solar Orbiter, the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) will measure the magnetic field structures near the surface of the Sun. That is something that I personally would really love to see,” Daniel adds.“For the first time, we will be able to link these two worlds and understand the mechanisms that are accelerating the particles, and how they propagate in the Interplanetary Magnetic field,” says Javier, “We should be able to use this to calculate the particle fluxes and directions at other points of the solar system. In these gigantic events, a billion tonnes of coronal gas can be ejected outwards and Solar Orbiter will be looking for these and other, smaller disturbances.Putting everything together, the EUI detectors shows the coronal structures close to the solar surface and extending out into the Metis field of view, which then links to what is seen by SoloHI. “If we can really say, ‘the spacecraft is now passing through a big stream of particles that came out of this particular active region,’ that would be fantastic. SDO is designed to help us understand the Sun's influence on Earth and Near-Earth space by studying the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously.SDO's goal is to understand, driving towards a predictive capability, the solar variations that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems by determiningSDO will study how solar activity is created and how Space Weather comes from that activity.

Instead, by the time the Sun’s magnetic field has reached Earth, it can have become tangled and confused. AIA 0335. SPICE measures the chemical composition at the surface of the Sun, which can then be compared to the composition of the solar wind measured by SWA. HMI Intensitygram. This will show the structure and dynamics of the solar atmosphere in unprecedented detail, stretching out from 1.7 to 4.1 solar radii.The Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI) looks at even wider scales and takes images of the solar wind by capturing the light scattered by the electrons in the wind. “They are a direct link back to what's going on on the Sun. It … During the commissioning of the spacecraft, the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument took pictures that revealed the surface was covered in what looked like “We hope to see ‘new’ features at smaller scales,” he says. The greatest space weather events are triggered by coronal mass ejections (CME). and the Principal Investigator of SoloHI.In addition to the remote sensing instruments, Solar Orbiter also carries in-situ instruments that can detect particles and the magnetic field surrounding the spacecraft. If the campfires really are the regions that provide the energy to heat the corona and accelerate the solar wind, then SPICE will show that the composition of plasma near a campfire is the same as that of plasma which subsequently flows past the spacecraft and is detected by SWA and other instruments.“And then we should be really in a position to measure the density of ejected material and the outflow velocity,” says Daniel. By doing this, Solar Orbiter’s scientists could identify the source regions, and therefore the acceleration mechanisms, of the various streams in the solar wind. NASA's Launch Services Program at Kennedy Space Center managed the payload integration and launch. This means that what happens on large scales, is mirrored by what happens in smaller scales. “It was a very ambitious mission concept,” says Daniel Müller, ESA Project Scientist for Solar Orbiter.


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